Who Repairs Wifi Water Meters In Corpus Christi
Older US residential electrical meter base, retrofitted with a i-phase digital smart meter. The meter communicates to its collection bespeak using 900 MHz mesh network topology.
Automatic meter reading (AMR) is the technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from water meter or energy metering devices (gas, electrical) and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. This technology mainly saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each concrete location to read a meter. Another advantage is that billing can be based on near existent-time consumption rather than on estimates based on by or predicted consumption. This timely information coupled with analysis can help both utility providers and customers better control the use and production of electric free energy, gas usage, or h2o consumption.
AMR technologies include handheld, mobile and network technologies based on telephony platforms (wired and wireless), radio frequency (RF), or powerline transmission.
Technologies [edit]
Touch engineering [edit]
With touch-based AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld computer or data collection device with a wand or probe. The device automatically collects the readings from a meter by touching or placing the read probe in close proximity to a reading curlicue enclosed in the touchpad. When a button is pressed, the probe sends an interrogate signal to the touch module to collect the meter reading. The software in the device matches the serial number to one in the road database, and saves the meter reading for later download to a billing or information collection computer. Since the meter reader nonetheless has to go to the site of the meter, this is sometimes referred to as "on-site" AMR. Another form of contact reader uses a standardized infrared port to transmit data. Protocols are standardized between manufacturers by such documents every bit ANSI C12.18 or IEC 61107.
AMR hosting [edit]
AMR hosting is a back-office solution which allows a user to track their electricity, water, or gas consumption over the Internet. All data is nerveless in near real-time, and is stored in a database by data acquisition software. The user can view the data via a web application, and can analyze the data using various online analysis tools such as charting load profiles, analyzing tariff components, and verify their utility neb.
Radio frequency network [edit]
Radio frequency based AMR can take many forms. The more common ones are handheld, mobile, satellite and fixed network solutions. There are both two-way RF systems and one-way RF systems in use that use both licensed and unlicensed RF bands.
In a ii-way or "wake up" organization, a radio signal is normally sent to an AMR meter'southward unique series number, instructing its transceiver to power-up and transmit its data. The meter transceiver and the reading transceiver both send and receive radio signals. In a one-mode "bubble-up" or continuous broadcast type organisation, the meter transmits continuously and data is sent every few seconds. This ways the reading device can be a receiver only, and the meter a transmitter only. Data travels just from the meter transmitter to the reading receiver. At that place are also hybrid systems that combine one-way and two-way techniques, using i-style communication for reading and two-way communication for programming functions.
RF-based meter reading usually eliminates the demand for the meter reader to enter the property or home, or to locate and open up an hole-and-corner meter pit. The utility saves money by increased speed of reading, has less liability from entering private property, and has fewer missed readings from being unable to access the meter.
The applied science based on RF is not readily accustomed everywhere. In several Asian countries, the technology faces a barrier of regulations in place pertaining to use of the radio frequency of any radiated power. For example, in India the radio frequency which is generally in ISM band is not gratuitous to use even for low ability radio of 10 mW. The majority of manufacturers of electricity meters take radio frequency devices in the frequency band of 433/868 MHz for large calibration deployment in European countries. The frequency ring of 2.4 GHz can exist now used in India for outdoor too as indoor applications, but few manufacturers have shown products within this frequency band. Initiatives in radio frequency AMR in such countries are beingness taken upward with regulators wherever the toll of licensing outweighs the benefits of AMR.
Handheld [edit]
In handheld AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld reckoner with a congenital-in or attached receiver/transceiver (radio frequency or touch) to collect meter readings from an AMR capable meter. This is sometimes referred to every bit "walk-by" meter reading since the meter reader walks by the locations where meters are installed as they go through their meter reading road. Handheld computers may also be used to manually enter readings without the use of AMR technology every bit an alternate but this will not support exhaustive data which tin can be accurately read using the meter reading electronically.
Mobile [edit]
Mobile or "drive-past" meter reading is where a reading device is installed in a vehicle. The meter reader drives the vehicle while the reading device automatically collects the meter readings. Often, for mobile meter reading, the reading equipment includes navigational and mapping features provided by GPS and mapping software. With mobile meter reading, the reader does not normally accept to read the meters in any particular route order, only just drives the service area until all meters are read. Components frequently consist of a laptop or proprietary computer, software, RF receiver/transceiver, and external vehicle antennas.
Satellite [edit]
Transmitters for data collection satellites can exist installed in the field next to existing meters. The satellite AMR devices communicates with the meter for readings, then sends those readings over a fixed or mobile satellite network. This network requires a clear view to the sky for the satellite transmitter/receiver, but eliminates the demand to install fixed towers or transport out field technicians, thereby being especially suited for areas with low geographic meter density.
RF technologies normally used for AMR [edit]
- Narrow Ring (single stock-still radio frequency)
- Spread Spectrum
- Straight-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
- Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
In that location are also meters using AMR with RF technologies such equally cellular phone data systems, ZigBee, Bluetooth, Wavenis and others. Some systems operate with U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed frequencies and others under FCC Part 15, which allows apply of unlicensed radio frequencies.
Wi-Fi [edit]
WiSmart is a versatile platform which can be used by a variety of electrical abode appliances in lodge to provide wireless TCP/IP communication using the 802.11 b/g protocol.
Devices such every bit the Smart Thermostat allow a utility to lower a home'southward ability consumption to help manage ability demand.
The city of Corpus Christi became 1 of the first cities in the United States to implement citywide Wi-Fi, which had been gratis until May 31, 2007, mainly to facilitate AMR after a meter reader was attacked by a canis familiaris.[1] Today many[ which? ] meters are designed to transmit using Wi-Fi, even if a Wi-Fi network is not bachelor, and they are read using a bulldoze-by local Wi-Fi hand held receiver.
The meters installed in Corpus Christi are not directly Wi-Fi enabled, merely rather transmit narrow-ring burst telemetry on the 460 MHz band. This narrow-band bespeak has much greater range than Wi-Fi, so the number of receivers required for the project are far fewer. Special receiver stations then decode the narrow-band signals and resend the data via Wi-Fi.
About of the automatic utility meters installed in the Corpus Christi surface area are battery powered. Wi-Fi engineering science is unsuitable for long-term battery-powered operation.
Power line communication [edit]
PLC is a method where electronic information is transmitted over power lines back to the substation, then relayed to a central estimator in the utility'southward chief office. This would exist considered a type of fixed network system—the network being the distribution network which the utility has built and maintains to deliver electrical power. Such systems are primarily used for electric meter reading. Some providers have interfaced gas and water meters to feed into a PLC type organisation.
Brief history [edit]
In 1972, Theodore George "Ted" Paraskevakos, while working with Boeing in Huntsville, Alabama, adult a sensor monitoring system which used digital transmission for security, burn down and medical alarm systems equally well as meter reading capabilities for all utilities. This technology was a spin-off of the automatic phone line identification system, now known every bit Caller ID.
In 1974, Mr. Paraskevakos was awarded a U.Southward. patent for this technology.[2] In 1977, he launched Metretek, Inc.[2], which adult and produced the first fully automated, commercially bachelor remote meter reading and load management organisation. Since this organisation was adult pre-Internet, Metretek utilized the IBM series 1 mini-computer. For this approach, Mr. Paraskevakos and Metretek were awarded multiple patents.[iii]
The primary driver for the automation of meter reading is non to reduce labor costs, simply to obtain data that is difficult to obtain.[ commendation needed ] As an example, many water meters are installed in locations that require the utility to schedule an appointment with the homeowner in guild to obtain access to the meter. In many areas, consumers have demanded that their monthly h2o bill be based on an bodily reading, instead of (for example) an estimated monthly usage based on just one actual meter reading made every 12 months. Early AMR systems frequently consisted of walk-by and drive-by AMR for residential customers, and telephone-based AMR for commercial or industrial customers. What was one time a demand for monthly data became a demand for daily and even hourly readings of the meters. Consequently, the sales of bulldoze-by and phone AMR has declined in the The states, while sales of fixed networks has increased. The United states Energy Policy Act of 2005 asks that electrical utility regulators consider the support for a "...time-based rate schedule (to) enable the electric consumer to manage energy use and toll through advanced metering and communications engineering science."[4]
The trend now is to consider the utilize of advanced meters as part of an Advanced Metering Infrastructure.
The commencement commercially available remote meter reading and load management organization - Metretek, Inc. (1978)
Advanced AMR and AMI [edit]
Originally AMR devices merely collected meter readings electronically and matched them with accounts. Every bit engineering has advanced, additional data could and so exist captured, stored, and transmitted to the chief computer, and oft the metering devices could be controlled remotely. This can include events alarms such as tamper, leak detection, low battery, or reverse period. Many AMR devices can also capture interval information, and log meter events. The logged data can be used to collect or control time of use or charge per unit of utilise data that can be used for water or energy usage profiling, time of utilise billing, demand forecasting, demand response, rate of flow recording, leak detection, flow monitoring, water and energy conservation enforcement, remote shutoff, etc. Avant-garde metering infrastructure, or AMI is the new term coined to represent the networking engineering science of stock-still network meter systems that get across AMR into remote utility management. The meters in an AMI system are often referred to as smart meters, since they frequently can apply collected data based on programmed logic.
The Automatic Meter Reading Association (AMRA) endorses the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) resolution to eliminate regulatory barriers to the wide implementation of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). The resolution, passed in February 2007,[5] acknowledged the part of AMI in supporting the implementation of dynamic pricing and the resulting benefits to consumers. The resolution further identified the value of AMI in achieving significant utility operational toll savings in the areas of outage management, revenue protection and asset management. The resolution as well chosen for AMI concern example assay to identify cost-constructive deployment strategies, endorsed timely cost recovery for prudently incurred AMI expenditures and fabricated additional recommendations on charge per unit making and tax handling of such investments.
Benefits of advanced metering [edit]
Advanced metering systems can provide benefits for utilities, retail providers and customers. Benefits will be recognized past the utilities with increased efficiencies, outage detection, tamper notification and reduced labor toll equally a result of automating reads, connections and disconnects. Retail providers will exist able to offer new innovative products in add-on to customizing packages for their customers. In addition, with the meter data being readily bachelor, more flexible billing cycles would be available to their customers instead of following the standard utility read cycles. With timely usage information available to the customer, benefits will be seen through opportunities to manage their energy consumption and alter from 1 REP to some other with actual meter data. Because of these benefits, many utilities are moving towards implementing some types of AMR solutions.
In many cases, smart metering is required past police force (eastward.g. Pennsylvania'south Deed 129 (2008)).
The benefits of smart metering for the utility.[ commendation needed ]
- Accurate meter reading, no more than estimates
- Improved billing
- Authentic profile classes and measurement classes, true costs applied
- Improved security and tamper detection for equipment
- Free energy direction through profile data graphs
- Less financial burden correcting mistakes
- Less accrued expenditure
- Transparency of "cost to read" metering
- Improved procurement ability though more accurate information — "de-risking" price
- In cases of shortages, utility will be able to manage/allocate supply.
The benefits of smart metering for the customer.
- Improved billing and tracking of usage.
Disadvantages of advanced metering [edit]
- Chance of loss of privacy — details of use reveal information most user activities[half-dozen]
- Greater potential for monitoring by other/unauthorized third parties[6]
- Potentially reduced reliability (more complicated meters, more potential for interference by 3rd parties)[six]
- Increased security risks from network or remote admission[six]
Notable deployments [edit]
Construction practices, weather, and the need for information bulldoze utilities in different parts of the globe towards AMR at dissimilar rates. In the US, at that place have been significant stock-still network deployments of both RF based and PLC based technologies.[7] Some countries have either deployed or programme to deploy[8] AMR systems throughout the unabridged country.
SPAR [edit]
By using a combination of AMR and energy analytics reports, SPAR were able to reduce free energy consumption by 20%.[ix]
Australia [edit]
AMI in Australia has grown from both government policy which sought to rectify observed market inefficiencies, and distribution businesses who looked to gain operational efficiencies. In July 2008, in that location was a mandated program beingness planned in Victoria for the deployment of 2.six million meters over a four-year menstruation. The anticipated peak installation rate of AMI meters was 5,000 per day across Victoria. The programme governance was provided past an manufacture steering commission.
In 2009 the Victorian Auditor Full general undertook a review of the program and found that there were "significant inadequacies" in advice to Government and that project governance "has not been appropriate".[10] The Victorian regime subsequently announced a moratorium of the program[11]
- Public Utility Commission of Texas Report 2006
- Pennsylvania, (Exelon-PECO) 2.2 million meters deployed
- Missouri, (Ameren) 1.7 million meters deployed.
Run into also [edit]
- Encoder receiver transmitter
- Distributed generation
- Electricity meter
- Feed-in tariff
- Gas meter
- Internet metering
- Nonintrusive load monitoring
- Meter-Omnibus
- Open metering system
- Power line communication
- Public utility
- Smart meter
- Utility submetering
- H2o meter
References [edit]
- ^ EarthLink Dedicates Wi-Fi Network In Corpus Christi
- ^ U.S. Patent iii,842,208 (Sensor Monitoring Device)
- ^ U.S. Patent iv,241,237 and U.S. Patent 4,455,453 and Canadian Patent # i,155,243 (Apparatus and Method for Remote Sensor Monitoring, Metering and Control)
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2014-07-02 .
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Us Congress, Free energy Policy Act of 2005 - ^ Resolution to Remove Regulatory Barriers to the Broad Implementation of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (from NARUC Commission on Free energy Resources and the Environment Resolutions of 2007-02-21)
- ^ a b c d Privacy on the Smart Grid
- ^ "Archived re-create" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-xv. Retrieved 2007-09-24 .
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link) PPL 1.3 meg residential and commercial electrical meters - ^ [one] Sweden, (Vattenfall) 850k meters
- ^ "SPAR - Stark's energy management helps exceed cost reduction targets - Stark". Stark . Retrieved 2018-04-30 .
- ^ "Auditor-Full general slams Victorian smart meters".
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2022-08-10. Retrieved 2010-03-26 .
{{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as title (link)
External links [edit]
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Media related to Automatic meter reading at Wikimedia Commons - What is the 'Smart Grid'?
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_meter_reading
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